![]() ![]() So physicians and laboratory staff should be aware of this and try to diagnose it. Nocardiosis is encountered in parts of the world even where it is not endemic due to increased world travel. The disease was cured in three patients, and two died due to other comorbid conditions leading to complications. They were treated with the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination. ![]() Smears were prepared from the samples and were stained and cultured. Microbiology laboratory processed the clinical samples from patients with respiratory infections. Inhalation of Nocardia leads to pulmonary disease. anthracis has marked virulence due to elaboration of exotoxins such as the aptly named "lethal" toxin and "edema" toxin which combine to inhibit neutrophil function and phagocytosis.Nocardia, a branching, filamentous bacteria, is widely distributed in the environment and can cause human infection in immune-compromised hosts. Any of these forms can lead to septicemia and to meningitis B. It most often causes disease in herbivores (cattle, sheep, goats, horses) but can infect humans as cutaneous anthrax from contact with infected animals or animal products, intestinal anthrax from ingestion of spores, or inhalation anthrax. The organism Bacillus anthracis is a large spore-forming gram positive rod. Two of the most severe examples of upper respiratory infection are listed below, but are now rare childhood diseases due to widespread immunization (the "D" and the "P" in the DPT vaccine).īordetella pertussis - whooping cough produced by bacterial exotoxin.Ĭorynebacterium diptheriae - diptheria characterized by an obstructive pseudomembrane of ulcerated necrotic epithelium along with production of an exotoxin that damages heart. The stagnation of mucus leads to bacterial growth with inflammation that causes further obstruction and a continuing cycle of infection-inflammation. However, anatomic abnormalities of the ostiomeatal complex, or any abnormality that affects air passages and sinus drainage contribute to development of chronic sinusitis.Ĭhronic sinusitis is most often associated with three bacterial organisms: Common causes include rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. The common "cold" is characterizedd by involvement of upper airways, with nasal stuffiness and coryza. One of the most common conditions is sinusitis. Upper respiratory tract infections are characterized by airway obstruction, and cough. Thus, a 'community acquired' pneumonia has historically often been due to Streptococcus pneumoniae while a 'hospital acquired' pneumonia is more likely due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rank order of this list can change by individual patients circumstance. Listed below are the most common organisms causing bacterial pneumonia, but the potential list is much longer. Since acute inflammatory reactions to most bacteria are neutrophilic, an exudate is produced, which fills alveolar spaces, resulting in radiographic infiltrates (bright areas with x-rays), pathologic consolidation (firm tissue, not spongy normal lung), and a productive cough as the exudate is brought up. ![]() In general, just like acute infections elsewhere, the time course is short (days) with clinical features of fever, cough, and dyspnea. Anthrax Forms Long Chains - Catalase Positiveīacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract are characterized by pneumonia. ![]()
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